University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

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2. Viktrup L. The risk of lower urinary tract symptoms five years after the first delivery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;21:2-29.

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34. Miller JM, Perucchini D, Carchidi LT, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller J. Pelvic floor muscle contraction during a cough and decreased vesical neck mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:255-260.

35. Miller JM, Kasper C, Sampselle C. Review of muscle physiology with application to pelvic muscle exercise. Urol Nurs. 1994;14:92-97.

36. Chiarelli P, Murphy B, Cockburn J. Women's knowledge, practices, and intentions regarding correct pelvic floor exercises. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22:246-249.

37. Chiarelli P, Murphy B, Cockburn J. Promoting urinary continence in postpartum women: 12-month follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2004;15:99-105.

38. Wilson PD, Bo K, Hay-Smith J, et al. Conservative treatment in women. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:573-624.

39. National Association For Continence Web site. Available at: http://www.nafc.org. Accessed December 16, 2004.

40. Andersson K-E. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:481-511.

41. Newman DK. Managing and Treating Urinary Incontinence. Baltimore, Md: Health Professions Press; 2002:105, 113, 176-177, 184-185.

42. Cannon TW, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Innovations in pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:367-372.

43. Ishiko O, Hirai K, Sumi T, Tatsuta I, Ogita S. Hormone replacement therapy plus pelvic floor muscle exercise for postmenopausal stress incontinence. A randomized, controlled trial. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:213-220.

44. Zinner NR, Koke SC, Viktrup L. Pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: present and future options. Drugs. 2004;64:1503-1516.

45. Thor KB, Donatucci C. Central nervous system control of the lower urinary tract: new pharmacological approaches to stress urinary incontinence in women. J Urol. 2004;172:27-33.

46. Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA, et al; Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2003;170:1259-1263.

47. Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC; Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:40-48.

48. Smith T. Surgical treatment of incontinence in women. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:823-863.

AGE-ASSOCIATED RISKS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION
AND MANAGEMENT OF STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE
IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER WOMEN

University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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39. Miller JM, Perucchini D, Carchidi LT, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller J. Pelvic floor muscle contraction during a cough and decreased vesical neck mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:255-260.

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58. Cannon TW, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Innovations in pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:367-372.

59. Andersson K-E, Appell R, Awad S, et al. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:481-511.

60. Walters MD, Realini JP, Dougherty M. Nonsurgical treatment of urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1992;4:554-558.

61. Zinner NR, Koke SC, Viktrup L. Pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: present and future options. Drugs. 2004;64:1503-1516.

62. Moore K. Duloxetine: a new approach for treating stress urinary incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;86:S53-S62.

63. Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC; the Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2003;170:1259-1263.

64. Doughty DB. Promoting continence: simple strategies with major impact. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003;49:46-52.

APPENDIX

Diversified Nurse Consulting, LTD, Grand Rapids, Michigan

REFERENCES

1. Andersson K-E. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:481-511.

2. Cannon TW, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Innovations in pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:367-372.

3. Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC; the Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2003;170:1259-1263.

4. Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. Management of urinary incontinence in women. JAMA. 2004;291:986-995.

5. Newman DK. Managing and Treating Urinary Incontinence. Baltimore, Md: Health Professions Press; 2002:105, 113, 176-177, 184-185.

6. Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC; the Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:40-48.

7. Bø K. Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport. Sports Med. 2004;34:451-464.

8. Fantl JA, Cardozo L, McClish DK. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:12-18.

9 Women's Health Initiative Writing Group. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002; 288:321-333.

10. Bø K. Vaginal weight cones. Theoretical framework, effect on pelvic floor muscle strength and female stress urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74:87-92.

11. Bø K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ. 1999;318:487-493.

12. Bø K, Maanum M. Does vaginal electrical stimulation cause pelvic floor muscle contraction? A pilot study. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1996;179:39-45.

13. Eriksen BC, Eik-Nes SH. Long-term electrostimulation of the pelvic floor: primary therapy in female stress incontinence? Urol Int. 1989;44:90-95.

14. Wilson PD, Bo K, Hay-Smith J, et al. Conservative treatment in women. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. 2nd ed. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2002:573-624.

15. Farrell SA. Pessaries for the management of stress urinary incontinence. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2001;23:1184-1189.

16. Lightner DJ. Review of the available urethral bulking agents. Curr Opin Urol. 2002;12:333-338.

17. Herschorn S, Carr LK. Vaginal reconstructive surgery for sphincteric incontinence and prolapse. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr., et al. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2002:1092-1139.

18. Webster GD, Guralnick ML. Retropubic suspension surgery for female incontinence. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr., et al. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2002:1140-1150.

19. Tseng LH, Wang AC, Lin YH, Li SJ, Ko YJ. Randomized comparison of the suprapubic arc sling procedure vs tension-free vaginal taping for stress incontinent women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. In press.

20. McGuire EJ, Clemens Q. Pubovaginal slings. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr., et al. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2002:1151-1171.

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